Published on Apr 02, 2024
Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such as Java-enabled web servers. For example, a servlet might be responsible for taking data in an HTML order-entry form and applying the business logic used to update a company's order database.
Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers. Unlike applets, however, servlets have no graphical user interface. Servlets can be embedded in many different servers because the servlet API, which you use to write servlets, assumes nothing about the server's environment or protocol. Servlets have become most widely used within HTTP servers; many web servers support Java Servlet technology.
Servlets are an effective replacement for CGI scripts. They provide a way to generate dynamic documents that is both easier to write and faster to run. Servlets also address the problem of doing server-side programming with platform-specific APIs: they are developed with the Java Servlet API, a standard Java extension.
So use servlets to handle HTTP client requests. For example, have servlets process data POSTed over HTTPS using an HTML form, including purchase order or credit card data. A servlet like this could be part of an order-entry and processing system, working with product and inventory databases, and perhaps an on-line payment system.
Here are a few more of the many applications for servlets:
" Allowing collaboration between people. A servlet can handle multiple requests concurrently, and can synchronize requests. This allows servlets to support systems such as on-line conferencing.
" Forwarding requests. Servlets can forward requests to other servers and servlets. Thus servlets can be used to balance load among several servers that mirror the same content, and to partition a single logical service over several servers, according to task type or organizational boundaries.
The javax.servlet package provides interfaces and classes for writing servlets. The architecture of the package is described below.
The central abstraction in the Servlet API is the Servlet interface. All servlets implement this interface, either directly or, more commonly, by extending a class that implements it such as HttpServlet
The Servlet interface declares, but does not implement, methods that manage the servlet and its communications with clients. Servlet writers provide some or all of these methods when developing a servlet.
When a servlet accepts a call from a client, it receives two objects:
" A ServletRequest , which encapsulates the communication from the client to the server.
" A ServletResponse , which encapsulates the communication from the servlet back to the client.
ServletRequest and ServletResponse are interfaces defined by the javax.servlet package.
The ServletRequest interface allows the servlet access to:
" Information such as the names of the parameters passed in by the client, the protocol (scheme) being used by the client, and the names of the remote host that made the request and the server that received it.
" The input stream, ServletInputStream . Servlets use the input stream to get data from clients that use application protocols such as the HTTP POST and PUT methods.
Interfaces that extend ServletRequest interface allow the servlet to retrieve more protocol-specific data. For example, the HttpServletRequest interface contains methods for accessing HTTP-specific header information.
The ServletResponse interface gives the servlet methods for replying to the client. It:
" Allows the servlet to set the content length and MIME type of the reply.
" Provides an output stream, ServletOutputStream , and a Writer through which the servlet can send the reply data.
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